恶补高频词“PPP”,坐看新型城镇化PPP示范案例的机理分析与法律适用


来自:法律出版社     发表于:2016-06-11 23:58:06     浏览:467次

本章以固安工业园区新型城镇化项目涉及社会资本选择、PPP模式、投资回报、风险分担等PPP理论。本章首先阐述PPP采购特征、政府购买服务本质,然后阐述中国PPP采购政策和中国政府购买服务政策。再后分享印度综合纺织园区PPP项目经验,最后介绍国际PPP采购经验。

机理分析与法律适用

文丨何春丽 


何春丽
中国人民大学经济法学硕士、吉林大学经济学学士
中国财政学会PPP研究专业委员会会员、中国投资协会民投委PPP工作中心评标专家、吉林省财政厅PPP专家、湖南省财政厅PPP专家、吉林省长春市财政局PPP专家、湖北省荆门市财政局PPP专家、湖南华伦咨询有限公司PPP研究院PPP专家、陕西省晋中市财政局PPP专家。
英国皇家特许仲裁机构成员、中国证券业协会调解员、中国法学会会员、吉林大学兼职教授、长春仲裁委员会仲裁员、吉林省律师协会对外贸易与投资专业委员会副主任。
北京盈科(长春)律师事务所 国际法律事务部主任、PPP项目负责人、执业律师

------------------------我是正式开始借鉴研习的分界线------------------

第一节:固安工业园区新型城镇化项目的PPP特性 

、项目背景

固安工业园区地处河北省廊坊市固安县,与北京大兴区隔永定河相望,距天安门正南50公里,园区总面积34.68平方公里,是经国家公告(2006)的省级工业园区。


2002年固安县政府决定采用市场机制引入战略合作者,投资、开发、建设、运营固安工业园区。同年6月,通过公开招标,固安县人民政府与华夏幸福基业股份有限公司(“华夏幸福”)签订协议,正式确立了政府和社会资本合作模式。按照工业园区建设和新型城镇化的总体要求,采取“政府主导、企业运作、合作共赢”的市场化运作方式,倾力打造“产业高度聚集、城市功能完善、生态环境优美”的产业新城。


、项目范围

固安工业园区采用区域整体开发模式,实现公益性与经营性项目的统筹平衡。传统的单一PPP项目,对于一些没有收益或收益较低的项目,社会资本参与意愿不强,项目建设主要依靠政府投入。固安工业园区新型城镇化采用综合开发模式,对整体区域进行整体规划,统筹考虑基础设施和公共服务设施建设,统筹建设民生项目、商业项目和产业项目,既防止纯公益项目不被社会资本问津,也克服了盈利项目被社会资本过度追逐的弊端,从而推动区域经济社会实现可持续发展。


、PPP模式——BOT+政府购买服务

固安工业园区新型城镇化PPP模式属于在基础设施和公用设施建设基础上的整体式外包合作方式,形成了“产城融合”的整体开发建设机制,提供了工业园区开发建设和区域经济发展的综合解决方案。


固安县政府与“华夏幸福”签订排他性的特许经营协议,“华夏幸福”全资设立项目公司——三浦威特园区建设发展有限公司。“华夏幸福”向项目公司投入注册资本金和项目开发资金,固安县政府将特许经营权授予项目公司,项目公司作为投资及开发主体,负责固安工业园区的设计、投资、建设、运用、维护一体化市场运作,着力打造区域品牌,具体包括:

1.土地整理服务。配合以政府有关部门为主体进行的集体土地征转并形成建设用地的相关工作。

2.基础设施建设。包括道路、供水、供电、供暖、排水设施等基础设施投资建设。

3.公共设施建设及运营服务。包括公园、绿地、广场、规划展馆、教育、医疗、文体等公益设施建设,并负责相关市政设施运营维护。

4.产业发展服务。包括招商引资、企业服务等。

5.规划咨询服务。包括开发区域的概念规划、空间规划、产业规划、控制性详规等规划咨询服务,规划文件报政府审批后实施。

固安工业园区管委会履行政府职能,负责决策重大事项、制定规范标准、提供政策支持,基础设施及公共服务价格和质量的监管,以保证公共利益最大化。


、投资回报机制

双方合作的投资回报模式是使用者付费和政府付费相结合。两项费用作为企业回报,固安县政府对“华夏幸福”的基础设施建设和土地开发投资按成本加成给予110%补偿;对项目公司提供的外包服务,按约定比例支付相应费用。两项费用作为企业回报,上限不高于财政收入增量的企业分享部分。社会资本利润回报以固安工业园区增量财政收入为基础。若财政收入不增加,企业无利润回报,不形成政府债务。


、风险分担

社会资本利润回报以固安工业园区增量财政收入为基础,县政府不承担债务和经营风险。“华夏幸福”通过市场融资,以固安工业园区整体经营效果回收成本,获取企业盈利,同时承担政策、经营和债务等风险。

政    府          华夏幸福

政策风险          ×          √

机会风险          √          ×

债务风险          ×          √

经营风险          ×          √


第二节 PPP采购与政府购买服务

、PPP采购的特殊性

PPP采购是一种特殊的政府采购。与传统政府采购相比,PPP采购和传统政府采购之间存在如下区别:


1.在付费方式上,传统的政府采购使用财政性资金,即政府付费;PPP则由使用者付费,且由此产生排他性——只允许社会资本而不允许其他机构向使用者收费。


2.传统的政府采购一般是付出现金、即刻提货而PPP采购则是政府描述产出要求,与社会资本签订长期采购合同,社会资本按合同生产本该由政府生产、提供的产品或服务,主要承担财务与市场风险,政府则将短期投资变成长期向企业购买服务。


3.传统政府采购的采购对象包括公共产品、公共工程和公共服务,PPP采购的采购对象一般是项目并且往往相当复杂。


4.传统政府采购往往以价格最低为竞争的核心要素,PPP采购的目标是满足用户需要的全寿命周期的费用与质量的最优组合。


5.由于PPP采购为公众提供公共产品,因而对采购结果的评定一般由购买主体、服务对象和第三方,围绕资金使用绩效、服务项目的数量和质量等指标综合评价项目的实施和管理效果。


、政府购买服务的本质

政府购买服务(GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT SERVICES )是20世纪60年代西方发达国家社会福利改革和公共管理制度改革的产物。至今已有40多年的发展历程。它是指政府将原来自己直接承办的、为社会发展和人民生活提供服务的事项,通过购买服务等方式交由有资质的社会组织(非营利组织、私人部门)来承接,并根据社会组织提供服务的数量和质量,按照一定的标准进行评估后支付服务费用。这是一种“政府承担、定向(项)委托、合同管理、评估兑现”的新型政府公共服务提供方式。是一种财政性资金的转移支付方式。


第三节  中国PPP政府采购政策

《政府和社会资本合作项目政府采购管理办法》(财库〔2014〕215号)

《政府采购竞争性磋商采购方式管理暂行办法》

《关于推进和完善服务项目政府采购有关问题的通知》(财库〔2014〕37号)

《国务院办公厅关于政府向社会力量购买服务的指导意见》(国办发〔2013〕96号)

《政府购买服务管理办法(暂行)》(财综〔2014〕96号)


第四节  印度综合纺织园区PPP项目的经验借鉴

、项目背景

服装纺织业是印度国内第二大支柱产业,过去十年内,服装纺织行业出现增速放缓、用工减少等问题。该行业进行现代化转型势在必行。印度政府出台了综合纺织园区计划,旨在加强在服装纺织行业发展潜力地区的基础设施建设。


2005年,综合纺织园区计划实施之初,政府计划在两年内成立25个综合纺织园区,每个纺织园区有50个生产车间,总投资达75亿卢比。每个综合纺织园区的企业数和投资额可以不同,但这些企业在土地、建筑、厂房及机器设备等方面的总投资,必须是园区基础设施投资的2倍以上。


、项目范围

该项目包括创建两个综合纺织园区:Pochampally Handloom综合纺织园区和Brandix综合纺织园区。Pochampally Handloom综合纺织园区于2006年获得印度纺织部的批准,于2008年投产;Brandix综合纺织园区于2010年5月投产。


项目成本涵盖基础设施及其他建设,包括纺织机械、零件和附属设施在内的配套建设等支出。


、融资情况

通过联邦政府补贴和股权投资获得的融资仅占基础设施总投资的40%,金额不超过4亿卢比,剩余的60%由社会资本筹资。政府及其下属机构持有的股权不能超过总股本的49%,因此社会资本方是大股东。


、参与方及其职责

1.政府的职责

(1)为综合纺织园区提供电力、水和其他公用设施;

(2)帮助综合纺织园区寻找并购置合适的土地;

(3)投资入股SPV,或提供政府补贴;

(4)提供灵活宽松的用工环境和特殊政策;

(5)协调综合纺织园区和其他发展计划、提高效率。


2.社会资本及SPV的职责

(1)构思、制定并实现财务目标;

(2)建设和管理基础设施;

(3)购置土地、其支出属于项目成本;

(4)在改善基础设施后,分配企业的具体位置;

(5)保证园区企业的银行融资需求;

(6)通过向园区内企业收取使用费和服务费来维持公用设施的运转;

(7)有持续的收入来源以保证收支平衡;

(8)以公开透明的方式聘请承包商及顾问;

(9)向顾问公司及承包商获取履约保证,确保按时完成项目。


3.项目管理顾问的职责

在综合纺织园区项目通过论证后,印度纺织部任命项目管理顾问,负责协助SPV以高质量、低成本的标准完成工程。项目管理顾问的主要职责:

(1)对各地区的需求和潜力进行评估,确定综合纺织园区的选址;

(2)促进有当地产业参与的SPV的形成;

(3)为制订项目计划做准备,包括制定基础设施标准;

(4)协助SPV选择合适的机构来编制分包招标文件,并协助SPV建设、运营和维护设施;

(5)协助SPV实现融资承诺;

(6)监控项目的实施情况并定期向纺织部提交进度报告;

(7)与政府保持联络,协助解决有关问题;

(8)确保在项目审批委员会的指导下按时完成项目。


、项目设施

综合纺织园区的建立基于产业集聚的理念,项目的利益相关方都受益于公用设施。除了土地上的建筑以外,公用设施包括围栏、道路、排水、供水、供电、还有自备电厂、污水处理和通信设施。


园区内还有公用的检测实验室、设计中心、会展中心、仓储设施、原材料仓库、包装工厂、托儿所、食堂、职工宿舍、服务办公室、供应商办公室、劳工休息区、娱乐设施和营销支持系统。园区还配有培训中心,为园区里的企业培训熟练劳动力。园区会对学员象征性地收取培训费。


第五节   国际PPP采购程序经验借鉴

The procurement procedures in a PPP project typical consist of the following major steps:

PPP采购程序典型地由以下主要步骤构成:


1.Invite expression of interests;

2.Prequalification of tenderers that have submitted an expression of interest;

3.Request for proposal;

4.Evaluation of tender;

5.Detailed negotiation with preferred tenderers;

6.Final value for money assessment on the preferred tender;

7.Submission of final business case.

1.意向邀请;

2.对提交投标意向的投标人进行资格预审;

3.建议要求;

4.投标评价;

5.与更有优势的投标人进行详细谈判;

6.对更有优势的投标进行最终物有所值评价;

7.呈报最后报告。

Invitation to expression of interests (Eol) enables the public sector to tap the experience and expertise of interested parties before finalizing the scope of core and nonscore services. The response to expression of interest from the interested parties can help the public sector client to shortlist those qualified parties in which they will be invited to provide a final submission.

意向邀请能使公共部门在最后确定核心服务范围之前讨论感兴趣的当事方的经历和专业。来源于感兴趣的当事方的回应能帮助公共部门列出被邀请参加最终呈报的合格当事人名单。

The purpose of express of interest document is to.

意向书文件的目的是:


Formally advise the market of the project and the services that the public sector client seeks to have delivered;

对公共部门一方寻找交付的项目和服务的市场进行正式咨询;


Communicate to the market the proposed timeframes,evaluation criteria and hurdles to be met for the project to move forward;

与市场沟通确认被建议的时间范围、评估标准、项目推进遇到的障碍;


Confirm the level of market interest in the project and provide an avenue through which potential tenderers can comment on the proposed project structure.


Gain responses from the market which allow the public sector client to form a view of those parties best capable of delivering against the project objectives over the term of the proposed contract.

获取来自市场的反馈,使公共部门形成谁最有能力按照被建议的合同条款交付项目的观点。


The Eol should contain sufficient information to allow potential tenderers to form a view on whether they have the necessary capabilities,the parties they may need to join with to develop a viable tender,and the likely project risks.Information to be included in a Eol documents are listed as follows:

意向书应该包含足够的信息使潜在的投标人能够判断其是否具备必要的能力、使得需要联合投标的投标人形成一个切实可行的投标、最有可能的风险。意向书中包括如下信息:


A brief description of the public sector client’s background,function and purpose;

简要描述公共部门的背景、功能和目的;


An overview of the project,its objectives and how fits into the strategic plan of the public sector client;

概要说明项目、目的和如何适合公共部门一方的战略计划;


The proposed risk allocation of the project;

项目风险分配建议;


Details of the services that privates sector client is being invited to delivery;

私人部门一方被邀请交付服务的细节;


The proposed timeframes of the project,including dates for all key milestones;

项目时间范围建议,包括全部关键时间节点;


Specific constrains of the project that are relevant,including the level of funding available from the public sector client where a cap exists;

与项目有关的具体约束,包括公共部门一方的融资上限;


The commercial principles that are to apply,including the proposed payment mechanism,and the manner in which site issues are to be dealt with;

应用的商业原则,包括建议的支付机制和问题处理方式;


The Identify and,where appropriate,the source of power of the public sector client to enter the contract;

公共部门签订合同的权力来源。

Once approval to issue invitation to EOI is obtains,the EOI is published in public notices such as newspapers,government gazette and internet. It may also be brought to the attention of any parties who are particular qualified for the task. The timeframes for responses vary depending on the scale and nature of the project.

招标意向获得批准后,招标意向应该在报纸上,在政府的报纸和网站公告以引起尤其适合本项目任务的任何社会资本的注意。反馈时间范围随项目的规模和性质的不同而变化。

The EoI documents requests in some detail the approach the pre-qualified tenderers propose to take to the project,their willingness or appetite for taking on the risks associated with the project,and how they propose to structure and organize delivery of the project.

投标意向文件在一些细节上要求预审投标者计划从事项目的方法,他们承担与项目有关的风险的愿望或嗜好,以及他们打算如何架构和组织项目的交付。


The tenders will be assessed based on the evaluation criteria set out in the EoI documents. In general,assessment will be made on their technical capability and ability to delivery the project,their solvency and financial strength and their fund-raising capabilities. In addition,the tenderer’s capability to deliver consistently against the objectives of the public sector client,its ablility to meet the requirement of the contract over the full terms and to work with the public sector client in a long-term relationship will also be assessed.

依据投标意向中列明的评估标准对投标人进行评估。一般地,要评估投标人交付项目的技术能力、资信能力、融资能力。持续不断地满足公共部门一方目标的能力,合同期限内满足合同需求的能力,与公共部门一方长期合作的能力。


Any of the tenderers that would clearly fail on any key criteria will be removed.Those who satisfied the evaluation criteria as set out in the EoI document will be shortlisted and invited to proceed to the next stages of the procurement process where they will provide a final submission.

明显不能满足关键标准的投标人将被移出。能够满足投标意向文件评估标准的投标人将进行采购程序的下一个阶段,提交最后投标文件。


The objective of evaluation of Expressions of Interest is to determine whether the private parties have the financial capacity,technical capability,demonstrated understanding of the public sector client requirements and resources to delivery the project. The key evaluation criteria to be applied to Expressions of Interest should follow the criteria stated in the EoI document.They include:track record,financial position and financing,approach and innovation,composition of consortium.

In general,a list of three to four tenderers will be selected.

投标意向评估的目的是决定私人部门是否有融资能力、技术能力、对公共部门一方需求的理解能力、交付项目的资源。关键的评估标准包括业绩记录、资信情况和融资能力、交付项目的方法和创新、联合体的组成。

总的来说,一个列表中的三到四名投标人会被选中。

The shortlisted tenderers will be invited to submit an initial proposal on how the project will be delivered. They will receive the formal tender document issued by the public sector client. Its issue to shortlisted parties signals a commitment to delivery the project,subject to defined hurdles being cleared.

被列入最后候选的投标人被邀请提供如何交付项目的创新性的建议。他们收到公共部门发出的正式投标文件。被列入最后投标候选意味着交付的承诺,基于清除遇到障碍。


These documents provide detailed information regarding the background of the project,project purpose and objectives,the role of the public sector client in the project,the environment in which it exists and relevant impacts;feasibility studies;land use considerations,geological information,demand estimates and the like should be provided to the shortlisted parties. The public sector client’s requirement for solution and the criteria to be used for evaluation should also be provided.

招标文件中包括与项目背景有关的详细信息、项目的目的、公共部门在项目中的作用、环境及相关影响、可行性研究、土地使用权的取得、地质信息、需求的评估等类似情况。公共部门对解决问题的要求和评价标准也应包括在招标文件中。

The project Brief provide further information regarding the project that facilitates the tenderers in preparing the proposal.The information provided in the project Brief represents the basis in which the tenders develop their solutions and tender price.information contained should be as comprehensive as possible.

项目概要提供进一步与项目有关的信息以方便投标人准备建议。项目概要中的信息是投标人提供解决方案和报价的基础。


Development of a project brief for a PPP is similar to that of a traditional project except the output specification,payment mechanism and the risk allocation matrix.

PPP项目的项目概要与传统的项目基本相同,除了输出需求、支付机制和风险分担。

The project contract is part of the formal bid document. It presides over the relationship between the bidder and the public sector client throughout the contract period. It should be drafted with the assistance from legal advisers.

项目合同是正式投标文件的组成部分。它统管投标人与公共部门的关系贯穿合同阶段。项目合同应由法律顾问帮助起草。


At this stage,tenders are encouraged to include alternative value for money solutions for the public sector client’s consideration.This may include alternative technical,commercial,financial and risk transfer ideas that offer best value for money.

在这一阶段,投标人被鼓励提出能够产生最好的物有所值效果满足公共部门一方目标的想法包括技术、商业、融资、风险转移方面的想法。

Before assessment made on the proposal submitted by the shortlisted parties,a decision must be made on the appropriate structure of the evaluation team. It is common for separate teams to be established to assess the service delivery,facilities solution and commercial elements of tenders.

被评估候选当事人提交的建议之前,应确定合适构成的评估团队以评估服务的交付、设施的解决和投标的商业要素。

It may be necessary to negotiate before the preferred tenderer is finalized in order to ensure that the public sector client obtains the best outcome possible both in financial and service respects.However,negotiations should be used to pin down the commercial terms of the contract,with a view to ensuring that the contracted outputs will be delivered.

为确保公共部门在融资和服务方面获得最好的结果,在最有优势投标人产生之前进行谈判是必要的。然而,为确保输出的交付,谈判应确定下来合同的商业条款。

A final evaluation report,summarizing the findings of the separate evaluation teams is prepared,this report includes a discussion on how each tender rank within each area of evaluation and overall ranking of each tender.It should identify a preferred tenderer and a reserve tenderer as agreed by all members of the evaluation team and the basis on which such decision are made. The advantage of appointing a reserve bidder is that the public sector client can revert to the reserve tenderer if contract negotiations with the preferred tenderer break down.

应准备最后的评估报告,该报告概括了评估团队的结果。该报告包括每个投标在每一方面的排名的讨论和总的排名。该报告应识别出最有优势的投标人和备用投标人。指定备用投标人的优点在于如果与最有优势的投标人谈判破裂,则公共部门可以转向备用投标人。


Key issues to be addressed in the evaluation report.

评估报告应当说明的关键问题:


The financial propositions of each tender,the cost to government in net present cost,the expected annual cash flow and the key difference between the tenders;

每个投标的金融状况、政府的净现值,预期年度现金流、各个投标之间的区别;


The service delivery propositions of each tender,the extent to which they meet government requirement and the presence of any enhanced outputs that are considered attractive.

每个投标交付的服务满足公共部门需要的程度和有吸引力的增值服务的存在;


The robustness of the design and construction proposal.

设计施工建议的健全性;


The potential risks to government entering into contract with each tenderer.

政府与每个投标人达成合同的潜在风险;


The capability of each bidder to work well throughout the life of the project;and

每个投标人全生命周期很好工作的能力;


The flexibility of each proposal to accommodate changed in future requirements.

在将来的需求中,每个建议容纳变化的弹性;


Identification of the preferred tenderers.

最有优势的投标人的识别;


If the tenders submitted by the tenderers satisfy the requirements of the project brief,based on the evaluation report,the project director,in consultation with the steering committee,should nominate one or more preferred tenderers.Typically a preferred tenderer and a reserve tenderer would be nominated.The public sector client should be briefed on the evaluation report and endorse the preferred tenderer recommendation.

如果投标人呈报的投标满足项目简介的需要,项目负责人与控制委员会协商后,应提名一个或多个最有优势的投标人。一般地,一个最有优势投标人和一个备用投标人。公共部门应附上提名的理由。

If the public sector client only sets out minimum mandatory requirements in the tender documents and leaves the detailed terms to be negotiated with the tenderers,it is necessary to conduct detailed negotiations with the preferred tenderers.

如果公共部门方在投标文件中设立最小强制要求,则有许多细节条款需要与投标人进行谈判。

A separate negotiating team,should be set up and report to a project steering group in accordance with a predefined negotiation brief.Typically the team is led by the project director.legal advisors,who play a role in supporting the negotiations,should also be a memberof the team.The member who has the authorities to make decision on behalf of the team should be clearly defined.

独立的谈判团队需要建立、向项目领导团汇报。典型地,谈判团队被项目负责人领导。法律顾问也是团队的成员,法律顾问起到支持谈判的作用。有权利代表团队的成员应明确定义。


The issues to be negotiated should be clearly set out,together with the public sector client’s position on each of them.In any event,negotiations must not result in a significant change either to the scope of the project itself or to any of the tenders submitted.

谈判的问题需要清楚列明。在任何情况下,谈判不能导致项目范围或提交的投标发生任何实质性变化。

Once a preferred tender has been identified,final value for money assessment should be conducted to confirm that the preferred tenderer offers value for money before seeking approval from the public sector client.Final value for money assessment involves making comparison of cost of the preferred tender with the public sector comparator.Such comparison should take into account of non-quantifiable factors and risks,cost and benefits that are not included in the tenders or the PSC.

最有优势的投标被识别后,在寻求公共部门一方批准之前最终物有所值评价应该被进行。最后的物有所值评价涉及最有优势的投标的成本与公共部门比较值进行对比,这种对比应考虑定性因素及没有包括在投标或公共部门比较值中的风险、成本和收益。

Before awarding the contract to the preferred tenderer,the department needs to seek approval from government.

在授予合同给最有优势的投标人之前,实施机构应征得政府的批准。


Once the approval process is complete,the contract is awarded to the successful tenderer.

A suitable date and venue is nominated for contract executive. A public announcement of the contract and the successful tender must be made,in ways that conform with the public sector client’s policy and procedures。

获得批准后,合同授予给成功的投标人。对合同和成功的投标人按照公共部门方的政策和程序进行公告。

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